Impact of Root Systems on Soil Structure and Hydraulic Properties: A Review of Mechanisms and Effects

Root systems are fundamental to soil health, influencing its structure and hydraulic properties through complex biophysical and biochemical mechanisms. This review examines the role of root architecture, root exudates, and root-induced mechanical effects in shaping soil porosity, aggregation, and water retention. Fine roots enhance microporosity, improving water retention, while coarse roots contribute to macroporosity and water infiltration. Root exudates serve as natural binders, stabilizing aggregates and fostering microbial activity, which further enhances soil structure. Additionally, root growth and decay create biopores, promoting water infiltration, drainage, and nutrient redistribution. These interactions significantly affect soil hydraulic conductivity, water-holding capacity, and erosion resistance, which are critical for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem resilience. By synthesizing current research, this review highlights strategies for leveraging root traits to optimize soil management practices and mitigate the impacts of environmental challenges such as water scarcity and soil degradation.