Inflammation and Tissue Repair in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Inflammation is a fundamental biological response in musculoskeletal injuries, serving as a critical mechanism for initiating tissue repair and restoring homeostasis. This chapter explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate inflammation and tissue repair, emphasizing their clinical implications in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. The inflammatory response follows a structured sequence of initiation, amplification, and resolution, orchestrated by immune cells, cytokines, and vascular changes. While acute inflammation is essential for clearing necrotic tissue and preparing the injury site for healing, dysregulated or prolonged inflammation can contribute to fibrosis, chronic pain, and impaired function. Tissue repair occurs through a continuum of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases, with outcomes varying between regeneration and fibrosis depending on tissue type, injury severity, and patient-specific factors. Rehabilitation strategies must align with the biological dynamics of inflammation and repair to optimize patient outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms enables clinicians to design evidence-based treatment protocols that balance inflammatory control with tissue regeneration, minimizing complications and improving functional recovery. This chapter underscores the importance of integrating biological insights into musculoskeletal rehabilitation to enhance clinical decision-making and therapeutic efficacy.